Chapter 8

Darkening Shadow

Let’s watch two flux vec­tors as the ob­ject on the leftabove be­comes less trans­par­ent. That is, less flux makes its way through pro­duc­ing a dar­ker sha­dow. The dar­ker sha­dow in­flu­enc­es the bend­ing light beams even more which re­sults in a lon­ger arc. Ac­tual­ly, the arc is real­ly the be­gin­ning of a spi­ral.

It’s un­known where a run­away con­di­tion will oc­cur, but at some cri­ti­cal point, the light beam’s di­rec­tion re­ver­ses, and the spi­ral con­tin­ues to de­ve­lop un­til it winds its way down to the ob­ject. The source of the light beam goes onto the sur­face, not around. Now in­stead of one beam there are two, and since light tra­vels on flux, the for­ce has dou­bled. The dis­tance from the cen­ter of the ob­ject to the first spi­ral will be­come the in­ner event. Ad­di­tio­nal spi­rals quick­ly add even more vec­tors to the ob­ject’s sur­face and in­ter­nal struc­ture once the run­away be­gins.

Amp­li­fi­ca­tion of the su­per­force be­gins in ear­nest as more out­er lay­er spi­rals come in­to play. The ex­ter­ior spi­rals be­come known as out­er e­vents.

The greater the radius of events, the greater the amplifying power of the flux. The zone is spherical so the force grows exponentially as a sphere’s surface gets larger with an increase in its diameter. Thanks to the universe’s power of two rule, every time this influencing radius doubles, the additional force brought to bear on the object quadruples. Another word for this inner-outer zone is the event horizon.

Now imagine what happens when an object becomes totally opaque. No flux can get through leaving a complete void of flux exiting the object. At this point all vectors are inbound. There is nothing to resist any object’s approach.

Spi­ral 4 re­pre­sents a plane of four vec­tors, all swo­op­ing in ad­ding their crush­ing con­tri­bu­tion. Al­so shown is a sin­gle vec­tor in­di­cat­ing that out­side the e­vent ho­ri­zon, (dash­ed circle) they on­ly bend to va­ry­ing de­gre­es de­pend­ing on the di­stan­ce from the boun­da­ry.

As the ob­ject be­comes smal­ler and dar­ker, the e­vent ho­ri­zon ex­pands ad­ding more force to the run­away con­di­tion. It’s some­thing like feed­back en­ter­ing a mi­cro­phone. The ears con­tin­ue pro­test­ing un­til some­one takes cor­rect mea­sures to fix it. But, there is no coun­ter­mea­sure for a black hole.

See Spiral 0 in chapter 7 again for an ex­am­ple of how flux vec­tors bend when an ob­ject’s trans­par­en­cy be­comes too o­paque. The mis­sing vec­tors al­low per­pen­dic­u­lar and an­gu­lar ones to bend the out­er flux to­wards the void. Be­low, Spiral 5 is the ex­treme lim­it lead­ing to ad­di­tion­al for­ces ex­ert­ing thou­sands of times more pres­sure on the ob­ject. It be­comes a run­away con­dit­ion lead­ing to un­known end­ings. The e­vent ho­riz­on does not have to be a globe. It may also be in the shape of an ap­ple such that its poles are open to flux, in­com­ing and out­go­ing. Some black holes e­ject streams of en­er­gy at its poles, so there is ei­ther a way in/out at the poles, or the en­er­gy es­capes out­side the ho­ri­zon, per­haps in a form of a dough­nut or tor­us. Out­side the e­vent ho­ri­zon, the vec­tors do not wrap. They just bend to vary­ing de­grees.

A large ga­lax­y or o­ther mas­sive un­its bend light beams such that sup­er­nova and other bright ob­jects can be seen be­hind them. See Mon­ica Young’s ar­tic­le A­stron­o­mers Pre­dict a Su­per­nova on Sky and Tel­e­scope’s web-site. It de­scribes five se­par­ate im­ages of the same su­per­nova be­hind an el­lip­ti­cal ga­lax­y.

Although light bending is an ongoing process, at first conception it could only be witnessed under certain conditions. Sir Arthur Eddington was among the first to verify Einstein’s theory of relativity when he setup an expedition to the island of Principe for the total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919. This experiment proved that flux vectors bend light rays. However, scientists insist on declaring that space bends the waves. Since gravity and space are linked, it is understandable how astronomers can come to the conclusion that space is what curves light instead of the superforce having its way with an absence of flux vectors. Also, not everyone is aware that light travels on superforce flux.

Neutron Stars

It’s difficult to imagine the earth crunched down to the size of a large apartment building. However, comparing the size of an atom with its electrons swinging around its nucleus to the nucleus with its electrons tucked neatly inside the protons presents a much different picture. The space used to accommodate electrons in orbit disappears. Remember, a proton with its electron tucked inside is a neutron, and neutrons love togetherness. The superforce has its way with these guys and crunches them with very little opposition. Once all the protons become neutrons, it makes sense how nature can pack them inside small places. When letting air out of bubble wrap it shrinks rather quickly.

After nature removes all the room taken up by an atom’s electrons, it’s much easier to imagine how millions of neutrons can replace a single atoms space. It varies quite a bit, but an atom’s diameter could be 10,000 times its nucleus’ diameter. Comparing the size of the sun to this nucleus means the outer limits of the solar system would lie just inside Neptune’s orbit: the edge would be 2,161,880,000 miles from the sun.

Using a sphere as an example even takes the example further. If we take an atom’s radius to its nucleus’ radius ratio of only 5,000:1 to calculate its volume, it would be,

volume of sphere
=
=

= 523,598,775,598

times more space to accommodate all that extra matter. That’s just over ½ trillion neutrons for every atom that once held that position, and over ½ trillion times more weight, and that is only one atom. How many trillions of atoms are in that star for neutrons to replace?

But this picture comes after the process that placed the electrons into the protons has occurred. That story is interesting, and you can learn how it takes place with a little research on the www.

This also brings on a question. Although an electron’s charge is neutralized when placed inside a neutron, does the law commanding it to release magnetic energy when in motion change? That is a very important question. If the electron is still required to emit magnetic flux while in motion, that is a whole lot of flux lying in wait in such a small space. Imagine over ½ trillion times more magnetic flux just for one atom’s worth of volume.

Do we need to rethink neutron stars and magnetars?

When an object spins, it tends to flatten, and the faster the spin, the flatter the object. As one might suspect, an object the size of Earth being squashed down to 1/1000^th its size would spin 1,000 times faster at its surface using only momentum as a reference. Of course if a volume of material is considered, it becomes more complicated because that volume contains more material per cubic meter as it gets squashed. It becomes more dense.

Planets do not morph into neutron stars, but we’ll use the earth as an example for size reference. Say the earth rotates one thousand miles per hour (mph) at the equator, and it is 8000 miles in diameter. That means it rotates 1,000,000 mph when it shrinks down to eight miles wide. That is 11.57 revolutions per second. At this state, it is not a planet. It is not even matter as we know it because there are no electrons, no protons: just plain ’ole neutrons. A bunch of neutrons spinning round and round so fast each one needs to fly off in the current direction of travel. That direction is tangential to its rotation. That ever present superforce counters the centrifugal force attempting to outcast each piece of matter, so the outer neutrons can only go outwardly so far.

But what is happening to those near the poles? They are moving much slower and do not have the outbound force to contend with. However, they do have a slight differential force applied to the outside hemisphere, so they migrate also.

There is always a greater pressure difference at the poles of a fast spinning object than at its equator. As this differential grows, a slight flatting of the poles occurs. The faster the object spins, the thinner the once spherical’s poles become until the superforce punches through and the object takes on a doughnut shape. It is a torus. Superflux passes through the poles and carries all the electromagnetic information in two highly focused directions. Such is the operation of a neutron star and a black hole of a Quasar.

A gyro’s poles form two cones as it undergoes precession when a torque is applied. In the case of a humongous black hole, there isn’t enough matter around to apply much of a torque. A Quasar may be in the process of pointing its laser in another direction, but earthlings won’t detect the movement for generations of astronomers. But if a neutron star’s neighbors can apply enough torque to induce wobbling poles, every time the beam passes Earth it will generate a signal. The timing of the signal depends on how the cone’s ellipse points in our direction and the speed of the beam around that ellipse. If the angle of precession is 90 degrees, the signal hits Earth twice per revolution because there are two poles.

This ex­per­i­ment re­quires the use of ball bear­ings to em­u­late neu­trons. The im­age on the left re­pre­sents a small ob­ject fil­led with such. It is a sphere with little or no spin.

What hap­pens when the ob­ject spins ex­treme­ly fast—so fast that its mat­ter spreads away from its axis of ro­ta­tion?

Im­ages Phases 1 thru 5 show the five pos­si­ble pha­ses as a neu­tron star flat­tens and po­ten­tial­ly ends up as a tor­us.

At Phase 1, the ob­ject has not be­gun to spin at a high e­nough rate to con­tract, so the change is in pause wait­ing for shrink­age to be­gin in ear­nest. It only be­gins to flat­ten at a cer­tain ro­ta­tion­al speed. How­ever, some­times af­ter the su­per­nov­a starts to crush the once mas­sive star down to a smal­ler ob­ject, it must in­crease its ro­ta­tion rate at some point.

Some­where near ten to twel­ve miles wide, the ob­ject has gained e­nough speed to send the balls out­ward­ly, and as it shrinks even more, it must spin fas­ter. Phase2 shows how the ball bear­ings have mi­grat­ed out­ward­ly while the su­per­force has flat­tened the poles.

 

At phase 3 the bear­ings con­tin­ue to mi­grate a­way from the cen­ter lea­ving less re­sis­tance to op­pose any for­ces at the poles.

At pha­se 4 the su­per­force is rea­dy to push through the poles and car­ry in­for­ma­tion in both di­rec­tions. How­ev­er, the grea­test re­lease of mag­ne­tic en­er­gy prob­ab­ly hap­pens just as the tor­us moves from be­ing a horned tor­us to a ring tor­us at phase 5.

 

The im­age on the leftabove is a neu­tron star that has spun it­self to a point where the su­per­force has bro­ken through but the tor­us has not o­pened.